Medical Surgical Nursing Assessment And Management Of...

The textbook or printed instruction I chose to review is an undergraduate nursing textbook. I chose this type of book because I am most familiar with the subject and have read and studied from several different publishers while obtaining my nursing degree. The textbook is Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problem by Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper, and Bucher (2014). I found this book on amazon.com and am able to preview several pages. This textbook focuses on medical-surgical nursing which covers basic topics such as concepts of nursing to more complex issues such as fluid balances within the body, oxygenation and blood perfusion, and breathing or respiratory issues. The purpose of a medical-surgical textbook for nursing students is to give them a foundation to build their future knowledge upon. This type of textbook will teach them the very basic concepts a nurse needs to know and later in their schooling they will learn more in depth illnesses, treatments, and procedures. I chose Chapters one and three to review, but more specifically pages 6, 16, 20, and 34, of this text because these pages are the most common formats a nursing student will see within all of their textbooks. The design grid utilized throughout this text is a two-column format. This layout allows for the most text to be placed on a single page, while still allowing the font to be of a legible size. It also appears that each page is formatted in an almost mirror image of the oneShow MoreRelatedMedical Surgical Nursing : Clinical Paper1422 Words   |  6 PagesMedical Surgical Nursing II Clinical Paper Medical Surgical Nursing clinical has allowed the author with the opportunity to take care of several patients suffering from a variety of diseases processes. This paper will discuss the pathophysiology of a chosen patient’s medical diagnosis and comorbidities, as well as the nursing diagnosis and interventions individualized for the patient. The chosen patient will be referred to as J.C. throughout this paper to ensure patient privacy. PathophysiologyRead MoreCardiovascular Disorders Case Study Ext1608 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Cardiovascular Disorders Case Study 11 Scenario: The time is 1900 hours. You are working in a small, rural hospital. It has been snowing heavily all day, and the medical helicopters at the large regional medical center, 4 hours away by car (in good weather), have been grounded by the weather until morning. The roads are barely passable. 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As the nurse on this case I would want to possibly address her respiratory rate and shallow breathing first. I would want to do a thorough respiratory assessment and auscultate for any abnormal breathing sounds or obstructionRead MoreModified Calcium and Potassium Diets1194 Words   |  5 Pagescalcium does reduce blood pressure. As a medication, calcium channel blockers â€Å"block movement of extracellular calcium into cells, causing vasodilation and decreased heart rate, contractility and systemic vascular resistance (SVR).† (Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper, Bucher amp; Camera, 2011) Calcium recommendations for 18 years old and younger are 1300mg a day, 1000mg between the ages of 19 and 50, and 1200mg for 51 and over. The actual â€Å"mean intake among American Adults is 984 for men and 735 for womenRead MoreDiagnosis Of Cerebrovascular Stroke And Its Recurrence Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pageswhen started and what were doing when began. 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What are they andRead MoreLung Cancer : The Leading Cause Of Death Caused By Cancer1050 Words   |  5 PagesLung cancer has impacted many people’s lives in the world today. Lung cancer is the leading cause of death caused by cancer in the United States (Lewis, 2014, pg. 535). The diagnosis of lung cancer is proceeded by a low cure rate and a high mortality rate. Diagnosis of lung cancer increases the person’s level of physical distress, psychological distress and social isolation (Johnston, 2013). Due to the low cure rate, palliative care becomes essential after the diagnosis of incurable/inoperable lungRead MoreEvidence Based Practice For Nursing Practice2023 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper Bucher (2014), â€Å"Evidence-based practice is a problem-solving approach to clinical decision maki ng. 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Behavior and Cognitive Intervention Programs in America

Site Visit Report A student enrolled with an online learning institution is taking a class, and the learning materials are on effective models of helping. An assignment required each student to visit a place of his or her choice, such as a hospital, women’s shelter, halfway house, or the human services department of a company to learn about which behavior or cognitive-behavioral techniques or programs are used. One student chose to visit a halfway house and a women’s community residence rehabilitation center, when one thought the first option was not willing to give enough information, or know if the worker knew what was asked of him. This document will give a brief description on what one has learned from each facility pertaining to†¦show more content†¦During counseling the women are given goals, which often the women look forward to acquiring the ability to earn something, such as a visit to a park, a walk, playing games, or a trip to the mall. Determining a Need for the Program After speaking with individuals during one’s site visits, it was said that the government determines the needs for the program. Los Angeles County mental health department offer a variety of services, providing a safe home for these women is a program well-needed throughout the city and by other organizations as well. The supervisor of Ms. Henderson is who advises about the for the community residence rehabilitation houses and are determined by the number of mental health hospitalizations a patient has had. The hospital then views the patient files, recommending more supervisions for the patient at a residential treatment home like those offered by Tarzana Treatment Center. Plans for New Programs and Interventions At the moment Tarzana Treatment Center does not have any plans for new programs and interventions. The organization is lacking funding to operate the programs offered to current residence. Unfortunately, the idea of possibly sh utting down much needed residence is devastating; one was not looking for the reasons behind possible closure. The staff only interests are operating the current interventions for the clients of the women’s house. The staff will prepare for future ideas and interventions. Other Models andShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1734 Words   |  7 Pagesadolescent in treatment programs to prevent any unpleasant consequences. The social and psychological interventions play the major role in guiding towards the appropriate treatment of mental health issues because psychosocial interventions had a positive effect on quality of life and positive mental health. Social interventions significantly improved positive mental health, life satisfaction and quality of life (Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health and Behavior, 2001). 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Schindlers list rough draft retyped - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2780 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Cinematographic Art Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Schindlers List The Holocaust for years has never been fully discussed or described to the outside world. There have been books and movies that have attempted to convey the atrocities aw with the feelings, but they have only been attempts to emotionally connect the audiences. Emotionally connecting whilst describing history to the audience members can be a difficult task for both books and movies, books contain elements that only reach their readers, and movies contain elements that reach only to their viewers, but to connect the readers and the viewers in the form of one book and film has happened very little in history. Merely emotionally connecting with the intended audience sells seats and popcorn but fails to accurately and factually educate. Schindlers List has managed though to connect their viewers and readers to the evil that was taking place in Europe during WWII. In this paper I will discuss the elements in which Schindlers List the novel as well as Schindlers List the film use to reach their audience. As with the connection they have on the people they were based upon. Beginning Schindlers List should be viewed not just as a story but rather a documentary of events with a first person point of perspective on certain characters. You may be able to relate this to shows on the History Channel in which the events are described in detail, with re-enactments of certain scenes. Frankly, the theatrics generate interest from a broader range of audience, but dont detract from the factual events and the description of the events, both tragic and heroic. Author Thomas Keneally makes this obvious as well as he tells of what Oskar Schindler accomplishes and how, the reason he had to write the novel in this direction is because everything takes place in the past; World War II has ended along with its miseries. Keneally writes the novel as a documentary, told in a â€Å"series of snapshot stories† based on recounts of witnesses and Oskar Schindler himself. Given this, the novel reads as if an ominous character is retelling the past, in which many for this reason have described the novel as fiction. The novel is very awkward in this way, as it moves from narrating events taking place to personal accounts of one person and another. Keneally does not develop several characters as a fictional novel would but includes a narrative reading like a fictional novel does. On with this Keneally uses devices that a fictional novel would use to describe and embellish a scene, â€Å"literary art blazes in the language with which the work evokes and illuminates the terrible events with which it is concerned† (Michael Hulse). For example, Keneally describes one part during the liquidation of the Jews in the Ghetto â€Å"The astounding thunder of the rifle fractured conversation and hope . . . the screams and the walling . . . [focused] . . . the heads of the corpses.† The novel, if it is to be referred to as such, contains the elements of both a fic tional and non-fictional novel in order to effectively describe the acts that were taking place in Europe. In the sense of a non-fictional novel, this story is not made up. The story of a man and his efforts to save more than 1000 Jews are real. Thomas Keneally â€Å"tells the stories of the victims, survivors, and oppressors in Schindlers List which are all based on eyewitness accounts, historical documents, and visits to the sites described in the novel. Thus, it can be assumed that Keneally does not embellish stories or infuse characters with his own authorial imagination, making them stand for or represent certain ideas he is trying to communicate to his reader.†(Eric Enders). Although Thomas Keneally does in fact add his own sense of emotions to describe some of the events, but it should be expected that some kind of input is given when writing on such a sensitive topic of humanity and evil. Schindlers List still is carefully documented as a â€Å"civil service repor t†, excluding the Prologue, the novel moves systematically from every hour to hour, month to month, and year to year like a timeline. Many of the characters are undeveloped and solely described as they come through the time line of events in history, though certain things are emphasized rather than merely reported like the majority of the novel. The facts are stated as in a history book, and should be taken to fact as much as one too. Though the novel is as real as it can be, again the novel still contains the elements of a fictional novel as Keneally offers certain ideas and images, in order to enhance a scene to add greater significance and have the reader become encircled by the images and not just the words. Keneally is trying to keep the novel as logical as possible but he is trying to add a greater meaning to these scenes in the novel. So the reader is to identify and fully experience the atrocities that had taken place during the war. Keneally uses various methods to ha ve the reader think more deeply of the meaning of the novel. Keneally uses a form of image repetition to develop themes throughout the novel just as fictional writer would. The repetition of the â€Å"list† and the undermining of the â€Å"German System† while working with it create ideas of Good vs. Evil. The development of good is never fully developed to belong exclusively to Schindler as while he is acting in good intentions he continues to live as his natural self which is described as a â€Å"drunkard, womanizing, money mogul†. Although Oskar was not a Saint, he is given a bit more for the audiences. As one survivor, Mosche Bejski said â€Å"Schindler was a drunkard. Schindler was a womanizer. His relations with his wife were bad. He often had not but one but several girlfriends. Everything he did put him in jeopardy. If Schindler was a normal man, he would not have done what he did†. We understand him more as a person and his â€Å"development fro m a womanizing, money tycoon to in a literal sense a savior.†. The evil though is directed toward Amon Goeth, Oskar Schindlers â€Å"dark brother†, the novel describes both men very similarly, as simple enough if one thing had changed for either of them, they could be in each others shoes. Keneally uses these recurring images to connect with the reader emotionally, to have them conclude the meaning of each image and the significance it had during the Holocaust and what meaning it still holds in todays society. Thomas Keneally thus writes the novel with both forms of a fictional and non-fictional piece in mind. This is what the author uses to connect the reader not only to the events but to historys story of evil and the inhumane world of evil that still exist today, because in all truthfulness events such as the Holocaust still continue to this day and time. Recently in Darfur: men, women, and children are being slaughtered by the Janjaweed in the name of â€Å"ethnic cleansing† just as the Germans reasoned the mass extermination of so many Jews in order of an ‘ethnic cleansing†, which in more legal terms â€Å"genocide† that exist in our present world. In 1993 Steven Spielberg released Schindlers List into theaters; the movie was a success earning 7 Academy Awards. The movie was such a success because it had so many viewers in sheer disbelief of the events that had taken place during World War II and the efforts of a one man to save them, as with the directing and producing style the film used. The film is filmed in black and white throughout and written to incorporate German words. The purpose of filming in black and white is to create a feeling of authenticity, possessing a more aged and emotional look as shadows just as with words can be used to express emotions as powerfully as words and actions themselves. Just like the novel the film is trying to connect with audiences emotionally through realism. Realism is wha t most viewers can connect to, because it is something that they themselves could have endured, parents are able to connect with the parents in the film and people with others by the way they act in the film and relating that to someone they know making the film that much more real. One scene in particular as the children in the camp are being sent off the parents though starved and out of energy run after the trucks; parents could relate reacting despite the fact that of being starved and injured using all of their might to protect their children. This realism of events is just one way director Spielberg is able to connect emotionally with his audience. The reason to film the movie in black and white is critical to its meaning; the black and white gives the film a greater feeling and view of the theme of Good vs. Evil. Scenes especially including deaths, blood is even more impacting to the viewer as the dark, almost black color contrasts the winter snow and season. It is this co ntrast of items and characters that audiences are best to view the evil and the good. The winter seasons of pure white represent the purity and innocence of the Jewish people while their dark colored blood come to represent the evil in the world as it spreads around the pure white snow. Along with filming the movie in black and white, Spielberg uses other devices to create certain impacts to the audience. Spielberg decision to cut out Oskar Schindlers past creates a feeling of mystery and the wondering of his childhood. Did he have one? And was this the reason for his merciless for Jews? Did it have any affect to who he was in the beginning of the film compared to the end? Amon Goeths introduction halfway through the film differs in the book as he was introduced in the novel in the beginning. We begin to wonder how both Oskar and Amon ended up as they did, womanizers, power and money hungry, and alcoholics, though Amon cannot hold his liquor as Oskar can. Both men are parallels y et contradictory. Amon Goeths hidden/secret fascination with Jewish women can be seen in both the novel and the film. The novel opens with a dinner party being held by Amon Goeth; in this party Oskar Schindler meets Helen Hirsch a Jewish maid. We as the readers initially find it ironic that a Nazi General chooses to have a Jewish maid over other German maids. Schindler comes to say â€Å"He wont kill you, because he enjoys you too much . . . He doesnt want anyone to know its a Jew hes enjoying† (28). In a time where Jewish prejudice was not only accepted but enforced and as Goeths position as General, this hidden attraction of Jewish women is even that much more bizarre as he masks the attraction by abuse towards Helen Hirsch. Amon holds more than just a physical fascination but an emotional as well. This allure Amon holds is depicted in novel and film however the film makes this more obvious in scenes. One scene in particular is significant in first spotting and truly seeing that Amon is entranced by Jewish women. The scene takes place during Oskars Birthday, a Jewish woman comes in giving Oskar a gift for his generosity and in return Oskar kisses the women. In the scene everyone except Amon Goeth appears shocked while Goeth is standing on his tip-toes looking at the kiss. Amon Goeths fascination seems to develop into a perversion as later in the film, a part which is not in the novel, Amon explains Oskars accidental kiss for his release and describes the Jewish women as â€Å"Gorgeous, Beautiful, and Mystical† he shortly catches himself and explains how the Jews are all deceptive and use some sort of mysticism to control them. The film included this additional scene to have the audience members immediately recognize that Amon Goeth is holding some kind of feelings for Jewish women and the irony of this to where even Amon himself realizes that this is a crime. This fascination for women comes from he and Oskars relationship as doubles, and as doubles, womanizers. Just as Oskar Schindler is characterized as a womanizer, as is Amon, as both continually seek love affairs and do not commit to a relationship. Their parallelism as equal but opposites is shown by how they seduce women. Oskar Schindler is much more of a â€Å"Casanova†, â€Å"he would wine and dine women, charm them, make them feel beautiful, and irresistible† (Smith). Oskar uses much more of an irresistible charm and his self-confidence to attract women. This is where both characters are seen as polars, while both may be womanizers Oskar uses much of his charm to attract woman, Amon uses much more of a forced approach, comparable to his approach as a Nazi general. Amon Goeth is a masterful manipulator and he uses this manipulation to attract women. This extends to who Amon is, his cruelty and his sadistic personality. Amon takes much pleasure in pain and women which root his fascination with Jewish women. The pleasure he receives from women sexua lly and the pleasure he receives by inflicting pain on those he despises. This twisted persona is shown in entirety in one film scene in which Amon confesses his inexplicable love with his Jewish maid Helen Hirsch. â€Å"Rather than allowing himself to touch her, and nearly commit the capital crime of kissing her, he remembers he is supposed to hate her, and beats her ruthlessly for seducing him.†(Cohn). This scene lasts for nearly fifteen minutes while the novel only dedicated only 2-3 pages on this important scene in character development. This once more falls to Keneallys documentary writing style, where many characters are not fully developed as people with deep emotions and complex thoughts. By having this very emotional yet savage scene last so long, director Steven Speilberg is forcing the audience to watch the awfulness that is becoming, keeping the audience members speechless as they watch this sick mans love for the ones he is supposed to hate and abuses, and the im agined relationship he has with Helen in which they are to grow old together. With Amon Goeth revealing his inhibition as a Nazi and a womanizer, his capital crime of loving a â€Å"Judenrat† is again parallel to the capital crime Oskar Schindler commits by freeing Jews and kissing a Jewish woman. Both characters are very similar, it is the manner and reasons in which they commit their crimes like the way they attract women that differ. Oskar Schindler and Amon Goeth are men addicted to â€Å"power† this is why they feel the need to seduce women and accomplish something significant, whether it be freeing a 1000 Jewish men and women or murder a 1000 Jewish men and women .Both men commit crimes as described by the German Government, Oskars reasons though are more for others rather than himself as Amons reasons are solely for himself. The similarities between the men are prevalent; the film further enforces the similarities between both men by focusing on certain scenes o r by excluding or including scenes. In the film, the majority of Oskar scenes, he is looked from High-Angle giving him vulnerability as a man, most noticeably in the scene of the liquidation of the Ghetto; the shadows underneath his eyes are even more prevalent from the black and white lens as Oskars vulnerability marks his transformation. Another device Spielberg uses is during the liquidation scene, is the coloring of the little girls red coat, her coat is shown in full Scarlett color and â€Å"this embodies the savagery of the Holocaust and the humanity of the victims as they leave this young child to watch the horror of the termination.† Both the film and the novel use a report/documentary style to tell the story of Schindlers List but the film holds more connection to the audience as it can be seen visually seen and viewers are given an almost personal experience to the horror of the Holocaust. The film contains powerful scenes such as the young girl and her scarle t coat and Amon Goeths complexities are fully shown with scenes with Helen and other Jewish women, showing his inner interest in them. Both works work to their audience in specific ways though; the novels elements of literary devices are used to emphasize parts that have the reader think to their imagination of what it could have been like. While the film gives the viewers a firsthand experience of what it was like. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Schindlers list rough draft retyped" essay for you Create order

Media’s Blow on Anorexia - 1054 Words

Media’s Blow on Anorexia About one in 200 persons in the United States will develop anorexia nervosa at some time. Ninety Percent are women (Anorexia Nervosa—Part 1 1). Anorexia is defined as an emotional disorder characterized by refusing to diet or eat. This is targeting young girls all across the world! This calamity is struck by something every person loves, social media. The media realm needs to be ceased from the websites that support dieting, celebrities displaying perfectionist bodies, and the social media world: their main victim to such disease are young teens. In particular media plays a role in anorexia in young teens because of social media and celebrities, the model industry, and the â€Å"thigh gap†. The first stance that†¦show more content†¦. . â€Å"I want to recover,† she said. â€Å"And I don’t want this to be my life anymore.† (Salter 2). This is a real life example of how even just a website like this one can le ad young teens and even young adults to eating disorders and anorexia. The opposing side to this topic says that media does not play a role in anorexia because of environmental factors, exercising, and dieting. People that support this side like Adam Cresswell and Sarrah Le Marquand state that anorexia is not caused by society or the media world. Cresswell states â€Å"Eating disorders are a product of epigenetics is good news for parents and carers, who often â€Å"wring their hands, asking: ‘what did I do wrong’†Ã¢â‚¬ (Cresswell 1). Cresswell is wrong by this fact in the actual fact that if a young teen is suffering from anorexia, then the parents should be worried about their child and get that child help. No child or adult should have to suffer from such disease. Cresswell also states â€Å"These can be early-life pressures, stress, and ultimately dieting,† he says. â€Å"For some people, dieting can be really dangerous behavior. The reduction in c ertain nutrients can alter gene expression â€Å"† (Cresswell 1-2). Cresswell is right about how dangerous dieting can be, because it is, but television advertises all of these new diet methods and how to exceed these plans, internet sites give lists of different dieting options, and these are examples of how media pushes some people that live in thisShow MoreRelatedMedias Role in Anorexia796 Words   |  3 PagesMedia’s Role in Anorexia Many individual’s today would argue that most health problems develop from media. For example, the Modeling Industry is mainly nothing but tall and very slender women. Most would agree that adolescent females see the size of most models and assume that is what is considered beauty. Media does not promote anorexia to distort women’s body images. Most women that starve themselves do not do it because of television, movies, or magazines, etc. They starve themselves to makeRead MoreImpact of Social Media on Physical Appearance Essay2388 Words   |  10 Pagesit is bone structure of the hips that give most girls that gap between their legs. Even if you have a wide hip structure they may not have a space between their thighs, but they may have a space by their crotch area before their thighs start. Yes, anorexia and bulimia are a major cause of death, but dysmorphic disorders start it all. â€Å"If you are super fixated on a certain body part, it could be a sign of bod y dysmorphic disorder† (Simmons 102). Many teens start by hating one part of their body, andRead MoreThe Individual And The Pattern Of Culture Essay2182 Words   |  9 Pagesthe first well-known case comes to mind would be the Los Angeles Police Department beating of Rodney King in 1991. A traffic violation had led to a high-speed chase. King has sustained sixty blows and kicks from the officers before he was taken into custody. This incident was all captured on news media’s helicopter, which caused African Americans to retaliate not only toward law enforcement officers but to white Americans claiming LAPD had racially discriminated and beaten him due to the colorRead MoreNcfe Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 1: Exploring Equality and Diversity5977 Words   |  24 Pagescan cause death. The dying to be thin mindset also fosters a very unhealthy set of attitudes, which affects relationships, both now and in the future. Two eating disorders that result from women trying to live up to these images are called anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Anorexics pursue thinness through extreme dieting and excessive exercise, while bulimics eat out of control and then purge themselves by vomiting, fasting, taking laxatives, and exercising. 15. Provide at least two examples

The answer to whether Beowulf Free Essays

The answer to whether Beowulf is sophisticated or crude lies in establishing its historical origins. Therefore, it is important to examine the author, perhaps more so than the text. However, an examination of both reveals that author and text are anything but crude. We will write a custom essay sample on The answer to whether Beowulf or any similar topic only for you Order Now Beowulf, the oldest surviving English epic, dates between the eighth and tenth centuries. Despite the 200-year span when the work could have been written, its subject matter relates to events that took place centuries before. In fact, the epic poem artistically captures the events of England’s Germanic origins. According to Norton Anthology editors, the poet, not only documented some historical facts but also succeeded in â€Å"reviving the heroic language style, and pagan world of ancient Germanic oral poetry, a world that was already remote to his contemporaries† (Norton Anthology Vol. 1, 29). The author, conjectured to be a Christian, manages to describe a pagan world, outside his everyday experience, through Christian allusions. Moreover, he does so by transcending language barriers. His text was composed in a dialect known as Marcia, while his references must have taken any number of while his references must have taken any number of lingual identities/backgrounds. In terms of its relative meaning Norton’s Anthology editors allege the text to be â€Å"†¦a remarkable and difficult work even in its own day† (Norton Anthology Vol. 1, 29), more so now given the limited information on Germanic oral epics. Secondly, as evidence of its sophistication, Beowulf is prolific with recognizable epic conventions, examples of Christian-pagan sympathy, and even creative linguistic ability. It is episodic and with only a brief history of the problems confronting the Danes, arguably begins in medias res. In fact, â€Å"†¦the poem turns on Beowulf’s three great fights against preternatural evil, which inhabits human society (Norton Anthology Vol. I, 30). The author successfully develops a larger than life enemy for his hero to confront. He arguably aligns the hero Beowulf with a larger trajectory of magnanimous Christians, among them, the first and most notable, Jesus Christ. Still, epic conventions aside, the author employs rather sophisticated writing techniques. There is evidence he was a â€Å"wordsmith,† as the poem is prolific with â€Å"†¦hapax legomena – that is, words recorded only once in a language†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Norton Anthology Vol. I, 29). This suggests the writer was comfortable enough with linguistics to invent words, which more aptly captured his literary intent. In addition to his linguistic abilities, there is evidence the author of Beowulf knew how to manipulate poetic conventions. For example, his poem uses conventions common to oral poetry, like chiastic cyanghanedd in line 154 of the poem â€Å"nothing but war; how he would never,† which creates the consonant repetition of n/w/w/n (Norton Anthology Vol. I, 35). Another example of the same technique is alternative cyanghanedd where he creates consonant repetition with line 126 of the poem, â€Å"then as dawn, brightened and the day broke,† d/b/d/b (Norton Anthology Vol. I, 35). Clearly the author is sophisticated enough a writer to emulate, in writing style, the ancient Germanic or Old English oral tradition of using certain patterns of consonants to remember lines. Finally, as further evidence of its sophistication Beowulf is written in such a manner that it allows readers to extrapolate meaning beyond the text. That is to say, figures like Beowulf’s three enemies could symbolize, in terms of Christian convention, Satan and/or his imps. In essence, these figures are non-corporeal and evidential of the author’s successful creation of figures, which transcend his age to have meaning for future Christian audiences. In addition, the author recreates in vivid detail, a world preceding his own and simultaneously left for future generations, a glimpse into the ancient Germanic world. Consequently, Beowulf is by no means crude when one considers the author of the work and its socio-historical background. Clearly, a sophisticated person, well read and educated on ancient German history and tradition and possessed of aesthetic ability wrote this poem. He deliberately sought to and succeeded in writing a timeless work, one that recreates a time centuries before his own while transcending, in terms of cultural relevance, any post-Christian age. In writing Beowulf, the author employs a number of techniques, which suggest a cosmopolitan viewpoint informed the work. Beowulf, complex and written by a refined author, is the antithesis of crude. Works Cited Anoymous. â€Å"Beowulf. † The Norton Anthology English Literature . Volume I. 7th edition. Ed. M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2000. 29-99. How to cite The answer to whether Beowulf, Papers

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Question: Describeabout topic "Conflict in thee Rakhine state Rohingya and Buddhist Myanmar". Answer: Introduction From the historical perspective suggests the toxic mixture involving with the situation in the Rakhine State of Myanmar causing the emergence of serious inter-religious and intercommunal conflicts and centre-periphery tensions with the minority Muslim community and the poverty-stricken underdevelopment (Engvall Linn, 2013). The particular scenario led the major violence in 2012, and the same in continuously increasing within the region since the period. As Myanmar has moved closer to the national election process at the end of 2015, the political scenario has consistently become unstable and high for the country. The certain significance of the mentioned scenario has led the selection of this particular conflict to analyze critically and develop an understanding with the help of relevant conflict theories. With the selection to the particular conflict, the document aims to develop a comprehensive conflict map to draw up the knowledge gained towards the identified aspect. It is obser ved that the significance of the selected conflict critically affects the overall success of the transition while damaging the reputation of the government at the same time. The government of Myanmar is expected the active investment from the foreign investors in order to capitalize on the international support for the development of the country. Such objective is also hampered by the presence of the identified conflict. In this case, the government of the country should need to consider different approaches to the policies, which are responsible for recognizing the unavailability of any kinds of quick fixes and or prompt solutions. In the midst of the decades-old armed violence, Rakhine State is particularly experiencing such problems in its roots. Due to such process, the state-society rules and the strict regulations are facing the significant conflicts. Therefore, it is evident that the particular conflict has hampered the overall state including the relevant communities within it. The prevalence of the individual conflict requires the responsible authorities to develop the long-term yet sustainable responses alongside the involvement of different types of interventions critically covering the humanitarian and protection in the interim basis. By the help of the early understanding, it is clear that the whole country would be suffering due to the failure of the authoritative bodies to deal with the particular situations. Hence, the following portion of the paper will be developed by critically analyzing the significant areas of the conflict to gain in-depth insight related to the cause and effect. It also develops with investigating ways to improve the scenario experienced by the individual communities. Therefore, a conflict map will be utilized for articulating above information regarding the chosen conflict. Conflict Analysis In the case of Myanmar, the country aims to redefine the infrastructure and the social system by developing a more open society for promoting the peaceful environment for its minorities and embracing the diversity at the same time. Therefore, it leads to the introduction of narrow and discriminating nationalism, which caused the outbreak of major challenges and constraints to the future of the country (Ware, 2015). In order to promote the improvement to the identified conflict, the government of the country requires developing the political solutions regarding the decades-old armed conflicts as well as the establishment of a federal nation. However, the achievement of such objective is highly difficult for the country given the disputes between the major and minor communities within the country. Conflict Parties Primary Parties are those who goals are incompatible and involving directly with the emerging conflict. Considering the scenario of Rakhine State, Buddhists are the largest group in the particular region with the significant minority can be observed in the Muslim values and beliefs in the Rohingya. However, the specific designation involved in the community is duly ignored by both the government and Rakhine (Roos, 2013). From the international perspective, the Rakhine community is tended to be perceived as violent extremists providing no importance to the diversity of opinions existing in the modern day cultures. Considering the analysis made in this particular context, it can be determined that the Rakhine themselves are the long-beleaguered community from the overall perspective. Furthermore, the particular community is the lack of the definite sense of their original perspective and concerns. Such fact leads to the scenario to become counterproductive, as it drives to the development of a restricted attitude involving the Rakhine (Kipgen, 2013). It suggests that the Rakhine should n eed to understand the complex realities associated with them to ensure the development of the sustainable ways supporting the forwardness of the overall society. The individual grievances include the lack of political controls over their sets of activities or beliefs, longstanding discrimination by the state, human right abuses, marginalization regarding the economic perspectives, and the necessary restrictions regarding the cultural expression and languages (Holliday, Aung Joelene, 2015). These identified grievances cause the formation of decade-old Rakhine anger emerging continuously to morph the individual conflict. In the process of transition efforts made by the new government to the country, the majority of Rakhine are growingly felt that one of the demographics within the overall community is considered as the most obvious and immediate threat. The same is experiencing by them in the process rebuilding their community and addressing their ethical identity (Kingsbury Laoutides, 2015). This particular feeling leads them to emerge one of the significant feelings in their minds that their ethnic group might soon become minor in their sta te. It cannot be confirmed whether the identified fear is valid or not from the perspective of the society. Nevertheless, it can be said that the certain doubt was firmly involved in the Rakhine communities. Secondary parties refer to the group or community providing support to the primary parties from the context of financial, logistic, or military aspects meant to affect the development of the conflict. In the case of the Muslim community within the country, especially the Rohingya, they are progressively marginalized from both the social and political aspects of life. The particular fact can be evidenced by the situations where the wide range of people belonging to the Rohingya community is denied to provide the full citizenship within the country. Suh factor provides the significant consequences to the social lifestyles and wellbeing of the mentioned group. By analyzing the current scenario, the efforts made by the authority to implement the proper administration in a mean to disenfranchise the group is considered as an interesting process to the overall system (Holliday, 2013). The particular factor is perceived by the Rohingya as their last remaining opportunity for connecting with the politics and the means of providing influences. Without the involvement of individual approach, it would be hard for the particular group to avoid the conclusion related to the failure of the poli tics, as well as eliminating the prompt civil disobedience or the organized violence. With the help of the information developed in the area, it can be determined that the current initiatives taken by the government are based on the pilot process. The particular method is responsible for conducting verification of the citizenship of the undocumented Muslims and supporting the development of action plan to manage the issues effectively from the perspectives of the development, security, and political aspects. By considering these identified facts, it can be acknowledged that the conflict majorly prioritizes two major elements causing the emergence of problems (McCarthy, 2016). These two factors are known as the refusal of both government and Rakhine community to accept the term Rohingya, and the similar rejection related to the acceptance of the term Bengali. In the case of verification, as mentioned above, the overall process is conducting without developing any resolution to the identified issue. On the other hand, the action plan endeavors the permission related to moving ahead to the new settlement provided to those individuals only, who are granted the ownership previously. In the case of the non-citizens or the individuals who are unwilling to cooperate with the verification process are remained in the camps until proper solutions can be found. In this case, it is worth to mention that the process is highly time-consuming, as there is no guarantee when the right resolution will come into the action (Thawnghmung, 2016). In addition, the increasing problems can be observed in the case of providing ordinary citizenship to the number of Muslim individuals. It is noted that the average citizenship is more insecure, while not providing the rights of full citizenship to the concerned individuals. Conflict History Considering the pre-colonial period, it can be ascertained that the Rakhine State or formerly known as Arakan State is separated from the rest of the Myanmar by the formidable mountain range referred to as the Rakhine Yoma. Due to such geographical position, the particular region was detached from the major center of political and economic controls of Myanmar. Moreover, the historical development of the area was also pursued independently until the region was conquered and controlled by the Burmese King Bodawpaya in 1785 (Simpson, 2014). Therefore, it can be observed from the historical background that the long frontier between the Muslim and the Buddhist Asia, the heavy political influences can be observed to be dominating the overall population from the perspective of their popular consciousness. Continuum of Relationships: The colonial and post-colonial period involving the particular region suggested short living off the Burmese conquest in Rakhine State. Considering the scenario of 1825, it can be observed that the Burmese were defeated by the hands of British India, as the entire state was annexed to the particular territory. The latter scenario suggests that shifting of the kingdom from Rakhine to Sittwe by the BritishEmpire (Gee, 2013). On the other hand, Rakhine was incorporated into a new province, which was governed by the British India from 1886 (Kipgen, 2013). After such annexation, the significant migration of the Muslims from Bengal to the particular area can be determined. In this case, it is worth to mention that the region was already comprised of the Muslim population of the Bengali region by the incident of the earlier migration. Similarly, the arbitrary boundary between Bengal and Rakhine state suggests the considerable number of Buddhist Rakhine on the Bengal side as well as the Musl im communities in the Rakhine side, primarily observed in the northern part. Past Relationship between Parties: In this case, the involvement of the British colonial policies can be found focusing more on the cultivation of rice, which required a significant number of labors (Walton, 2016). The requirement of such labor force was mostly satisfied by the immigrants from Bengal, many of whom were from the Muslim community group. Here, the large number of Muslim population came to the country on a seasonal basis, where much of them settled in Rakhine State permanently. The underlying incident suggesting the incorporation of Burma into the British India had further driven the migration to the region from the sub-continent through traveling to Burma from different provinces of the same country. Therefore, the religious and ethnic mix of the country became complicated and mixed causing different kinds of socio-economic problems (Engvall Linn, 2013). This identified scenario led to the involvement of a considerable number of resentment from the Buddhist community located in Rakhine State. The particular evidence can be observed from the incident of Second World War, where identified tension emerged to form the significant amount of violence. Apart from that, penetration of Japan into Rakhine in 1942 had caused the area to become the frontline until the end of the war. Conflict Context Multiple Levels: Myanmar is among the most popular sites of the world representing serious conflicts between Muslim and Buddhist communities. Especially in the Rakhine state almost 146000 people were displaced from their home society due to the riots in June 2012. The amount of violence is so much that induces international organizations to dedicate an early warning to issue an alarm against the mass violence (Dehua, 2014). This causes three Nobel laureates said persecution and violence of Muslims community in Myanmar as nothing less than genocide (Gee, 2013). Geographic and Economic Context: These state made by the prestigious personnel of Myanmar in the context of the conflict is not just a mere intransigence. Rather it is in the face of the external criticism, as it depicts a conception of violator and victim that is opposed dramatically to the one that made visible in the international disclosure context (Ma Kusakabe, 2015). Political Context: In the domestic context of the Myanmar, this type of conception is extremely closer to the norm. It is observed due to the involvement of other state utilizing the same type of rhetoric. Since the context of the conflict illustrates that fear is not just the one particular side of communities of the Muslims but for the Buddhists as well. On the other hand, there is a conception that global Muslim power is very great. Therefore, the violence might affect Buddhists community comparatively harder. Culture: The current culture of the Rakhine State must need to be seen in the broader context of the failure of Myanmar in developing the nation. Despite the significant presence of economic factors, this particular part of the country remained isolated as one of the poorest country. It affects the cultural aspects of the country, as the grievances run deep in the Rakhine State causing strongly held the sense of separate identity. It is highly caused by the fact that Rakhine State was never integrated into the Myanmar state. Conflict Orientation Structure Conflict: Conflict orientation includes identifying the objectives and issues of the conflict parties. The present situation of the Rakhine state must have to be seen in the broader context regarding the Myanmar failure at developing the nation (Welsh, 2013). Since the country has insufficient economic potentials, Myanmar could not be able to produce all its state at the same level. Value Conflict: The Rakhine state remains astonishingly a high number of poverty rate of almost 78%, which has considered as the one of the principal issues for developing the conflict and mass violation in the state (Farrelly, 2014). The number that highlighted the poverty line actually reflects the exclusion and neglect that the state is facing from the time of post-colonial period. Relationship Conflicts: Traditionally, the Burman dominates the Rakhine state. Therefore, when the state is facing more and more diversity due to the introduction of the Muslim community, it considered it as a threat. It plays a huge part in the kind of mass violence that happen in the Rakhine state (Taylor, 2016). In addition, successive regimes bounded ethnic, cultural, political, and social expression. Data Conflict: The data conflict mainly arose from the legacy of poverty and exclusion, as the factors were the fundamental reasons for the rise of intercommunal violence erupted in the Rakhine State in 2012. The data conflict has also emerged significantly by the incident suggesting the rape and murder of the Buddhist woman. Interest Conflict: The differences in the ethnic, cultural context also played a huge part in the development of the conflict in the society of the Rakhine community. Based on the certain understanding, it can be assumed that the overall situation in the Rakhine State cannot be solely dictated the humanitarian emergency. Rather, the interest from the politics and government can be observed affecting the whole state and the communities living there. In this case, there was the necessity to adopt the humanitarian response. However, such interventions comprise of only one component for addressing the situation, where no easy solution can be found. Therefore, the scenario certainly leads to the conflict, as the sufficient resolution requires an extended period for establishing in a sustainable manner. Conflict Dynamics Behavior Styles: The relationship between the Muslim and Buddhist community has the prime role in developing the dynamics of the conflict. At the initial stage of the conflict, Rakhine has felt that their community is under threat due to the development of the Muslim empires. Especially in the west region of the Myanmar, Muslim community has able to develop a brief period of domination, which feels long oppressed by the Barmans (Rubenstein, 2015). Conflict Events: The community was furious with the Muslim community, which increased even further when the Muslim community voted against the Rakhine parties in the year of 2010. Since the Rakhine party promised to provide an atmosphere where every individual regardless of the cast and religion will get the even amount of opportunities from the society. Based on the investigation to the particular conflict, it can be determined that the grievances of Rakhine can be observed to be similar to the other ethnic minority groups of Myanmar (Kwan Yu, 2014). Action-reaction Processes: This dislike or rude behavior from the community of the Burman-led to the tension within the Muslim communities. Therefore, a situation arises that is completely not unprecedented. However, the situation was developing on the backdrop the community diversity context. This influences the conflict to take the form of mass violation. However, politics also made this case even more critical. Since, the country is seeing greater democracy and liberalization that primarily focuses on the addressing the issue of ethnic minority concerns (Zyck, Fan Price, 2014). Therefore, the major part of the Myanmar political power is reconfigured to create peace among the diversity of the religion, which actually ceasefire in this angry Rakhine context. Conclusion The situation that Rakhine state represents remains volatile. As the country has able to develop a significant amount of recent development, which includes the introduction of the new chief minister, it influences the state to implement the action plan much more efficiently. The conflict also highlighted the need of potential security environment for developing a better social culture. Therefore, the conflict induces many possible changes in the society to maintain an ethical environment between the Muslim and Buddhist community. However, these changes can also be highly problematic. As the changes can potentially increase the tension between the Buddhist and Muslim community, which can create huge amount of negative impact on the political process. Hence, there is no easy solution to the complex challenges to the Rakhine state, and the government will have to go through the long and hard process to overcome this conflict issue in the Rakhine state. References Dehua, Y. (2014). Conflict in Rakhine State and its Impact on Political-Economic Security in Myanmar.South Asian Studies,4, 004. Engvall, A., Linn, S. N. (2013, June). Development, natural resources and conflict in Myanmar. InEast Asia Forum. Farrelly, N. (2014). Cooperation, contestation, conflict: ethnic political interests in Myanmar today.South East Asia Research,22(2), 251-266. Gee, J. (2013). Myanmar Muslims Face New Wave of Violence.The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs,32(6), 36. Hein, M. Y. P. (2012). Political authority in Burma's ethnic minority states.Asian Ethnicity,13(4), 476-479. Holliday, I. (2013). Myanmar in 2012.Asian Survey,53(1), 93-100. Holliday, I., Aung, M. H., Joelene, C. (2015). Institution Building in Myanmar.Asian Survey,55(4), 641-664. Kingsbury, D., Laoutides, C. (2015).Territorial Separatism in Global Politics. Taylor Francis. Kipgen, N. (2013). Addressing the Rohingya problem.Journal of Asian and African Studies, 0021909613505269. Kipgen, N. (2013). Conflict in Rakhine State in Myanmar: Rohingya Muslims' Conundrum.Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs,33(2), 298-310. Kramer, T. (2015). Ethnic Conflict and Lands Rights in Myanmar.Social Research: An International Quarterly,82(2), 355-374. Kwan, D. S., Yu, F. L. T. (2014). 8 Religion, culture and global conflicts.International Economic Development: Leading Issues and Challenges, 143. Ma, A., Kusakabe, K. (2015). Gender analysis of fear and mobility in the context of ethnic conflict in Kayah State, Myanmar.Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography,36(3), 342-356. McCarthy, S. (2016). Myanmar in 2015.Asian Survey,56(1), 138-147. Roos, J. (2013). Conflict Assessment in Rakhine State.Danish Refugee Council report. February/March. Rubenstein, L. S. (2015). Global health and security in the age of counterterrorism.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine,108(2), 49-52. Simpson, A. (2014, September). Identity, Ethnicity and Natural Resources in Myanmar. InThe Australian Political Studies Association Annual Conference. Taylor, R. H. (2016). Richard Cockett. Blood, Dreams and Gold: The Changing Face of Burma.Asian Affairs,47(1), 171-173. Thawnghmung, A. M. (2016). The politics of indigeneity in Myanmar: competing narratives in Rakhine state.Asian Ethnicity, 1-21. Walton, M. J. (2016). Myanmar (Burma).The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism. Ware, A. (2015). 10 Secessionist aspects to the BuddhistMuslim conflict in Rakhine State, Myanmar.Territorial Separatism in Global Politics: Causes, Outcomes and Resolution, 153. Welsh, B. (2013). Divided or Together?: Southeast Asia in 2012.Southeast Asian Affairs,2013(1), 1-16. Zyck, A. S., Fan, L., Price, C. (2014). ASEAN and humanitarian action: progress and potential.ASEAN and Humanitarian Action--Jakarta Expert Roundtable, Jakarta, 1-6.

Discuss the usefulness of Dunning’s eclectic paradigm in helping us understand how firms internationalise free essay sample

Introduction: Dunning Eclectic paradigm was appeared in by J. H Dunning. After this journal published, dunning eclectic paradigm becomes the most influential theory in research of foreign direct investment (FDI) and multinational (MNE). It is used comprehensively to analysis the motivation and advantages of MNE in term of FDI. In the following essay, I am going to talk about the importance of MNE and the development of eclectic paradigm in order to have a brief background for the reader. After that, I will begin to discuss the usefulness of Dunning’s eclectic paradigm in helping us understanding how firms internationalise. The importance of MNE MNE is acting a more and more important role in advancing globalization. According to world investment report, there are more than 60 thousands MNE in 1999. These MNE own around 500 thousands of branches which covered more than 160 countries. They have an extremely powerful influence for the global economic due to their super-large scale and capital. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the usefulness of Dunning’s eclectic paradigm in helping us understand how firms internationalise or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lots of local company are trying to become one of the MNE but eventually more of them failed. The companies which fail to access the global market have not enough preparation and understanding of the global environment. To deal with such problem, Dunning’s eclectic paradigm provides a clear and comprehensive analysis of MNE. These analysis helps the company understand what they needed if they want to become MNE. Development of eclectic paradigm In 1960, Stephan Hymer proposed Monopolistic Advantage Theory in his dissertation. He thinks market failure is the main reason of MNE carrying FDI. A foreign company own monopolistic advantage that other local company haven’t so the foreign company can run their business overseas and earn much more profit. C. P. Kindleberger, H.G Johnson, R. E. Caves and F. T. Knickerbocker keep completing and modifying this theory. However, it still can’t explain why some companies in developing country invest to developed country even they don’t have monopolistic advantage. In 1996, America economist R. Vernon in challenge Monopolistic Advantage Theory that can’t explain why the company must go through FDI but not licencing or exporting. H e suggested that monopolistic advantage, product life cycle and location should be combined in order to look at a MNE. In 1976, P. J. Buckley and M. Casson provide a new theory â€Å"Internalization† It stressed companies’ monopolistic advantages are not caused by market failure, but market failure assist the company to keep monopolistic advantages in their company. In 1981, J. H Dunning summarized all the theory above and created a new theory called dunning’s eclectic paradigm. The usefulness of Dunning’s eclectic paradigm Dunning’s eclectic paradigm concluded the previous academic’s theory and provide a detailed, comprehensive and clear analysis for people to understand how firm internationalise. It clearly pointed out that a MNE must own ownership specific advantages, internalization advantage and location advantage. I will explain both of them in detail in the following essay. Also, the case of Lenovo will be used as an example to show how to understand firm’s internationalisation through Dunning’s eclectic paradigm. Ownership Advantage: This idea first brought up by Hymer in 1960. It becomes one of the basic contexts in Dunning’s eclectic paradigm. Ownership advantage can be called as monopolistic advantage or competitive advantage. It means that a firm own some advantages over other company in the markets in which it is located or in which it is considering locating. It helps a foreign company gain a better power which the local company don’t have. These ownership advantages can be classified as two aspects. One is the advantages caused by a company occupying the intangible assets, such as patents, proprietary technology, trademark rights, copyright, land user and franchises. Another is caused by the economics of scale the company owned, which included technology and general innovative capacities, information, and managerial and entrepreneurial skills. The ownership advantage can help people understand why a firm is going to have foreign direct investment. The reason why MNE willing to have FDI is because they got the ownership advantage but their local competitor doesn’t have which makes sure MNE can access the market and earn the profit they want. However, if a company only got the ownership advantage but not own location and internalization advantages as well, then they can only through licencing but not FDI. Here is the example of Lenovo. Lenovo is a Chinese brand, which internationalised since 2000. First of all, let’s take a look of the ownership advantage Lenovo owned.. As a high-tech product producer, Lenovo owned more than 1000 inventions with patent and it is keep investing in their RD department. Besides that, Lenovo has modern production base in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong, which produce more than 5 million high-tech product each year. Also, the vice chairman and president of Lenovo Liu innovated the structure of company and combined with western managerial theory. The excellent product, well service and honest culture built up Lenovo’s wonderful brand image and it assisted Lenovo get the advantage in financing and crediting. Therefore, we can analysis through dunning’s eclectic paradigm to conclude that Lenovo got the advantage in technology and general innovative capabilities advantage, managerial and entrepreneurial skills advantage and scale advantage. Lenovo owned the ownership advantages while other company lack of so they can access the foreign market and began to build up overseas RD centre and recruit the talent overseas. As we saw, dunning’s eclectic paradigm help us to point out what kind of advantages Lenovo have and what are they rely on in order to access foreign market. Internalization Advantage: Internalization advantage is another factors explained in dunning’s eclectic paradigm. It explains how the company use their ownership advantages. Most likely company will utilize their ownership advantages in two ways. One is selling their ownership advantages to other company which we can call it externalization. For example, Eastman Kodak Co sold their patent of digital imaging technology and earned $525 million in 2013. After they sold this patent, they are not longer to use it anymore, that what we called externalization. However, what is internalization? Internalization means that the company use the ownership advantages themselves but not selling to others. Then, how will the company make decision between externalization and internalization? It depends on the profit they can earn and some other factors. In most of case, firm will prefer internalization when market failure or imperfection existing. Here are some reasons why company will internalize: (1). to prevent the outflow of technology advantages (2). to form the economics of scale (3). to escape foreign exchange control, traffic and tax . These reasons support why company will choose internalization but not externalization because they can gain a greater profit through internalization. Let’s look at the case of Lenovo and see how they internalize. Lenovo wanted to access a country with high tariff and barrier. In order to overcome such market failure, Lenovo has to set up a company and branch in that country. It can actually escape the traffic and barrier when Lenovo sell their product. If Lenovo just export their product, the exporting cost will much more higher than they internalize. Also, licence is a very dangerous way for the high-tech company like Lenovo. It is extremely easy to divulge their technology advantage and damage the profit of company. As we saw, dunning’s electric paradigm help us understand how a company use their ownership advantage and keep them in their own company. Location Advantage: Dunning’s eclectic paradigm help us understand where will a company going to invest. In order to internationalise, company have to choice which country they are going to invest. The country they are going to invest must own some advantages which their original country hasn’t. When a company have ownership and internalization advantage, then they need to make a choice between domestic investment and FDI. It depends on which one can bring more profit to the company. Location advantages are specific to a particular country but are available to all firms, which can include natural resources, labour, society, domestic economics, geography, technology, culture, education, politics and transport. If these factors can benefit for a company and help them earn as much as they want, they will choice that country to invest. Location advantages can be classified as two types. The first one is direct location advantages which the advantage owned by the targeting country, such as wider market, labour intensive and preferential investment policy. The second one is indirect location advantages which are caused by some unfavourable factors in the investing country and targeting country, such as high transportation cost or insurmountable trade barriers. For example, whenever Lenovo want to invest in a new country, they will analysis the environment of that country and look whether they can benefit through the environment or not. This is a very important issue for the company to consider the environment of country. If they can utilize the benefit from the environment, most like they will success in that country. However, if a company ignore the importance of environment, it is a disaster and they will fail no matter how powerful they are. To conclude, location advantages determine whether the company is going to invest overseas or not and where they are going to invest. Four conditions: Dunning’s eclectic paradigm help us understand an MNE’s degree of foreign value-added activities depends on the satisfaction of the following four condition. 1. The degree to which a firm possess ownership advantages over other firms in a particular market. If a firm can own advantages greater than others, they will have more value-added activities. 2. The degree to which an MNE believes it is in its best interests to exploit its ownership advantages rather than sell them to another firm, perhaps in the form of technology licensing or franchising (the internalization factor). It means that if the firm believe that they can earn more profit through FDI than licensing, they will increase their value-added activities. 3. The degree to which there are location-specific advantages of a particular country which raise the value of ownership advantages relative to elsewhere. A place can provide a greater benefit for the company’s ownership advantages, and then the company will invest more in that particular country. 4. The degree to which foreign production is consistent with the long-term strategy of the firm. If the firm is tracing for a long-term strategy, they will more care and stress about the foreign value-added activities. Diagram of dunning’s eclectic paradigm Ownership advantages Internalization advantages Location advantages FDI Yes Yes Yes Export Yes Yes No Licence Yes No Yes In dunning’s eclectic paradigm, it stressed that a company must have both of three advantages in order to have FDI. A company rely on ownership advantages against the local company. Also, they choose a right environment which can benefit their business. Then they internalize their business into that country and expand their business. Therefore, only the company with ownership, internalization and location advantage can be called as MNE. When a company possess ownership and internalization advantages but lack of location advantage, they can only sell their product through exporting. It means that they can only utilize their advantage domestically because they can’t find a suitable investment country. Also, if a company have ownership and location advantage but no internalization advantage, they will licence other company. Lacking of internalization advantage means that the company’s ownership advantage can’t be utilized within their own company and they have to sell or translate those advantages to others in order to earn profit. Meanwhile, a company with internalization and location advantages means that they lack of the most basic criterion to have FDI because ownership advantage is the precondition of FDI. Limitation: Although dunning’s eclectic paradigm help us a lot in understanding how firm internationalize, some limitations still exist in this theory. Some academics criticize that eclectic paradigm is not dynamic enough to explain the changes in strategy by MNEs. Also, it has not a deep study in the connection between internal management and FDI. Besides that, dunning’s eclectic paradigm mainly concern the MNEs in developed country but not the company in developing country. These companies also have FDI but eclectic paradigm can’t have a detailed, scientific and comprehensive explanation for these firms. Conclusion: Dunning’s eclectic paradigm summarize previous theory about firm’s internationalization and created a new way to analysis MNEs. It captured the essence of former and overcame the insufficient part of their theory, which dunning modified them into a comprehensive and understandable theory. The core concept of eclectic paradigm is ownership advantage, internalization advantage and location advantage. These three advantages help us to understand the ‘why’, the ‘where’ and the ‘how’ of the internationalization of production respectively. Ownership advantage explained why company is going to have FDI and what they rely on in order to battle with other firm. Internalization advantage explained how the company keep their ownership advantage within own company. Location advantage explained which country can benefit for the business of company. However, dunning’s eclectic paradigm is a static and microscopic theory which limited the usefulness of this concept. Although dunning’s eclectic paradigm had such limitation, it doesn’t affect this theory become the most influential way in analysing company’s activity in FDI.