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Question: Describeabout topic "Conflict in thee Rakhine state Rohingya and Buddhist Myanmar". Answer: Introduction From the historical perspective suggests the toxic mixture involving with the situation in the Rakhine State of Myanmar causing the emergence of serious inter-religious and intercommunal conflicts and centre-periphery tensions with the minority Muslim community and the poverty-stricken underdevelopment (Engvall Linn, 2013). The particular scenario led the major violence in 2012, and the same in continuously increasing within the region since the period. As Myanmar has moved closer to the national election process at the end of 2015, the political scenario has consistently become unstable and high for the country. The certain significance of the mentioned scenario has led the selection of this particular conflict to analyze critically and develop an understanding with the help of relevant conflict theories. With the selection to the particular conflict, the document aims to develop a comprehensive conflict map to draw up the knowledge gained towards the identified aspect. It is obser ved that the significance of the selected conflict critically affects the overall success of the transition while damaging the reputation of the government at the same time. The government of Myanmar is expected the active investment from the foreign investors in order to capitalize on the international support for the development of the country. Such objective is also hampered by the presence of the identified conflict. In this case, the government of the country should need to consider different approaches to the policies, which are responsible for recognizing the unavailability of any kinds of quick fixes and or prompt solutions. In the midst of the decades-old armed violence, Rakhine State is particularly experiencing such problems in its roots. Due to such process, the state-society rules and the strict regulations are facing the significant conflicts. Therefore, it is evident that the particular conflict has hampered the overall state including the relevant communities within it. The prevalence of the individual conflict requires the responsible authorities to develop the long-term yet sustainable responses alongside the involvement of different types of interventions critically covering the humanitarian and protection in the interim basis. By the help of the early understanding, it is clear that the whole country would be suffering due to the failure of the authoritative bodies to deal with the particular situations. Hence, the following portion of the paper will be developed by critically analyzing the significant areas of the conflict to gain in-depth insight related to the cause and effect. It also develops with investigating ways to improve the scenario experienced by the individual communities. Therefore, a conflict map will be utilized for articulating above information regarding the chosen conflict. Conflict Analysis In the case of Myanmar, the country aims to redefine the infrastructure and the social system by developing a more open society for promoting the peaceful environment for its minorities and embracing the diversity at the same time. Therefore, it leads to the introduction of narrow and discriminating nationalism, which caused the outbreak of major challenges and constraints to the future of the country (Ware, 2015). In order to promote the improvement to the identified conflict, the government of the country requires developing the political solutions regarding the decades-old armed conflicts as well as the establishment of a federal nation. However, the achievement of such objective is highly difficult for the country given the disputes between the major and minor communities within the country. Conflict Parties Primary Parties are those who goals are incompatible and involving directly with the emerging conflict. Considering the scenario of Rakhine State, Buddhists are the largest group in the particular region with the significant minority can be observed in the Muslim values and beliefs in the Rohingya. However, the specific designation involved in the community is duly ignored by both the government and Rakhine (Roos, 2013). From the international perspective, the Rakhine community is tended to be perceived as violent extremists providing no importance to the diversity of opinions existing in the modern day cultures. Considering the analysis made in this particular context, it can be determined that the Rakhine themselves are the long-beleaguered community from the overall perspective. Furthermore, the particular community is the lack of the definite sense of their original perspective and concerns. Such fact leads to the scenario to become counterproductive, as it drives to the development of a restricted attitude involving the Rakhine (Kipgen, 2013). It suggests that the Rakhine should n eed to understand the complex realities associated with them to ensure the development of the sustainable ways supporting the forwardness of the overall society. The individual grievances include the lack of political controls over their sets of activities or beliefs, longstanding discrimination by the state, human right abuses, marginalization regarding the economic perspectives, and the necessary restrictions regarding the cultural expression and languages (Holliday, Aung Joelene, 2015). These identified grievances cause the formation of decade-old Rakhine anger emerging continuously to morph the individual conflict. In the process of transition efforts made by the new government to the country, the majority of Rakhine are growingly felt that one of the demographics within the overall community is considered as the most obvious and immediate threat. The same is experiencing by them in the process rebuilding their community and addressing their ethical identity (Kingsbury Laoutides, 2015). This particular feeling leads them to emerge one of the significant feelings in their minds that their ethnic group might soon become minor in their sta te. It cannot be confirmed whether the identified fear is valid or not from the perspective of the society. Nevertheless, it can be said that the certain doubt was firmly involved in the Rakhine communities. Secondary parties refer to the group or community providing support to the primary parties from the context of financial, logistic, or military aspects meant to affect the development of the conflict. In the case of the Muslim community within the country, especially the Rohingya, they are progressively marginalized from both the social and political aspects of life. The particular fact can be evidenced by the situations where the wide range of people belonging to the Rohingya community is denied to provide the full citizenship within the country. Suh factor provides the significant consequences to the social lifestyles and wellbeing of the mentioned group. By analyzing the current scenario, the efforts made by the authority to implement the proper administration in a mean to disenfranchise the group is considered as an interesting process to the overall system (Holliday, 2013). The particular factor is perceived by the Rohingya as their last remaining opportunity for connecting with the politics and the means of providing influences. Without the involvement of individual approach, it would be hard for the particular group to avoid the conclusion related to the failure of the poli tics, as well as eliminating the prompt civil disobedience or the organized violence. With the help of the information developed in the area, it can be determined that the current initiatives taken by the government are based on the pilot process. The particular method is responsible for conducting verification of the citizenship of the undocumented Muslims and supporting the development of action plan to manage the issues effectively from the perspectives of the development, security, and political aspects. By considering these identified facts, it can be acknowledged that the conflict majorly prioritizes two major elements causing the emergence of problems (McCarthy, 2016). These two factors are known as the refusal of both government and Rakhine community to accept the term Rohingya, and the similar rejection related to the acceptance of the term Bengali. In the case of verification, as mentioned above, the overall process is conducting without developing any resolution to the identified issue. On the other hand, the action plan endeavors the permission related to moving ahead to the new settlement provided to those individuals only, who are granted the ownership previously. In the case of the non-citizens or the individuals who are unwilling to cooperate with the verification process are remained in the camps until proper solutions can be found. In this case, it is worth to mention that the process is highly time-consuming, as there is no guarantee when the right resolution will come into the action (Thawnghmung, 2016). In addition, the increasing problems can be observed in the case of providing ordinary citizenship to the number of Muslim individuals. It is noted that the average citizenship is more insecure, while not providing the rights of full citizenship to the concerned individuals. Conflict History Considering the pre-colonial period, it can be ascertained that the Rakhine State or formerly known as Arakan State is separated from the rest of the Myanmar by the formidable mountain range referred to as the Rakhine Yoma. Due to such geographical position, the particular region was detached from the major center of political and economic controls of Myanmar. Moreover, the historical development of the area was also pursued independently until the region was conquered and controlled by the Burmese King Bodawpaya in 1785 (Simpson, 2014). Therefore, it can be observed from the historical background that the long frontier between the Muslim and the Buddhist Asia, the heavy political influences can be observed to be dominating the overall population from the perspective of their popular consciousness. Continuum of Relationships: The colonial and post-colonial period involving the particular region suggested short living off the Burmese conquest in Rakhine State. Considering the scenario of 1825, it can be observed that the Burmese were defeated by the hands of British India, as the entire state was annexed to the particular territory. The latter scenario suggests that shifting of the kingdom from Rakhine to Sittwe by the BritishEmpire (Gee, 2013). On the other hand, Rakhine was incorporated into a new province, which was governed by the British India from 1886 (Kipgen, 2013). After such annexation, the significant migration of the Muslims from Bengal to the particular area can be determined. In this case, it is worth to mention that the region was already comprised of the Muslim population of the Bengali region by the incident of the earlier migration. Similarly, the arbitrary boundary between Bengal and Rakhine state suggests the considerable number of Buddhist Rakhine on the Bengal side as well as the Musl im communities in the Rakhine side, primarily observed in the northern part. Past Relationship between Parties: In this case, the involvement of the British colonial policies can be found focusing more on the cultivation of rice, which required a significant number of labors (Walton, 2016). The requirement of such labor force was mostly satisfied by the immigrants from Bengal, many of whom were from the Muslim community group. Here, the large number of Muslim population came to the country on a seasonal basis, where much of them settled in Rakhine State permanently. The underlying incident suggesting the incorporation of Burma into the British India had further driven the migration to the region from the sub-continent through traveling to Burma from different provinces of the same country. Therefore, the religious and ethnic mix of the country became complicated and mixed causing different kinds of socio-economic problems (Engvall Linn, 2013). This identified scenario led to the involvement of a considerable number of resentment from the Buddhist community located in Rakhine State. The particular evidence can be observed from the incident of Second World War, where identified tension emerged to form the significant amount of violence. Apart from that, penetration of Japan into Rakhine in 1942 had caused the area to become the frontline until the end of the war. Conflict Context Multiple Levels: Myanmar is among the most popular sites of the world representing serious conflicts between Muslim and Buddhist communities. Especially in the Rakhine state almost 146000 people were displaced from their home society due to the riots in June 2012. The amount of violence is so much that induces international organizations to dedicate an early warning to issue an alarm against the mass violence (Dehua, 2014). This causes three Nobel laureates said persecution and violence of Muslims community in Myanmar as nothing less than genocide (Gee, 2013). Geographic and Economic Context: These state made by the prestigious personnel of Myanmar in the context of the conflict is not just a mere intransigence. Rather it is in the face of the external criticism, as it depicts a conception of violator and victim that is opposed dramatically to the one that made visible in the international disclosure context (Ma Kusakabe, 2015). Political Context: In the domestic context of the Myanmar, this type of conception is extremely closer to the norm. It is observed due to the involvement of other state utilizing the same type of rhetoric. Since the context of the conflict illustrates that fear is not just the one particular side of communities of the Muslims but for the Buddhists as well. On the other hand, there is a conception that global Muslim power is very great. Therefore, the violence might affect Buddhists community comparatively harder. Culture: The current culture of the Rakhine State must need to be seen in the broader context of the failure of Myanmar in developing the nation. Despite the significant presence of economic factors, this particular part of the country remained isolated as one of the poorest country. It affects the cultural aspects of the country, as the grievances run deep in the Rakhine State causing strongly held the sense of separate identity. It is highly caused by the fact that Rakhine State was never integrated into the Myanmar state. Conflict Orientation Structure Conflict: Conflict orientation includes identifying the objectives and issues of the conflict parties. The present situation of the Rakhine state must have to be seen in the broader context regarding the Myanmar failure at developing the nation (Welsh, 2013). Since the country has insufficient economic potentials, Myanmar could not be able to produce all its state at the same level. Value Conflict: The Rakhine state remains astonishingly a high number of poverty rate of almost 78%, which has considered as the one of the principal issues for developing the conflict and mass violation in the state (Farrelly, 2014). The number that highlighted the poverty line actually reflects the exclusion and neglect that the state is facing from the time of post-colonial period. Relationship Conflicts: Traditionally, the Burman dominates the Rakhine state. Therefore, when the state is facing more and more diversity due to the introduction of the Muslim community, it considered it as a threat. It plays a huge part in the kind of mass violence that happen in the Rakhine state (Taylor, 2016). In addition, successive regimes bounded ethnic, cultural, political, and social expression. Data Conflict: The data conflict mainly arose from the legacy of poverty and exclusion, as the factors were the fundamental reasons for the rise of intercommunal violence erupted in the Rakhine State in 2012. The data conflict has also emerged significantly by the incident suggesting the rape and murder of the Buddhist woman. Interest Conflict: The differences in the ethnic, cultural context also played a huge part in the development of the conflict in the society of the Rakhine community. Based on the certain understanding, it can be assumed that the overall situation in the Rakhine State cannot be solely dictated the humanitarian emergency. Rather, the interest from the politics and government can be observed affecting the whole state and the communities living there. In this case, there was the necessity to adopt the humanitarian response. However, such interventions comprise of only one component for addressing the situation, where no easy solution can be found. Therefore, the scenario certainly leads to the conflict, as the sufficient resolution requires an extended period for establishing in a sustainable manner. Conflict Dynamics Behavior Styles: The relationship between the Muslim and Buddhist community has the prime role in developing the dynamics of the conflict. At the initial stage of the conflict, Rakhine has felt that their community is under threat due to the development of the Muslim empires. Especially in the west region of the Myanmar, Muslim community has able to develop a brief period of domination, which feels long oppressed by the Barmans (Rubenstein, 2015). Conflict Events: The community was furious with the Muslim community, which increased even further when the Muslim community voted against the Rakhine parties in the year of 2010. Since the Rakhine party promised to provide an atmosphere where every individual regardless of the cast and religion will get the even amount of opportunities from the society. Based on the investigation to the particular conflict, it can be determined that the grievances of Rakhine can be observed to be similar to the other ethnic minority groups of Myanmar (Kwan Yu, 2014). Action-reaction Processes: This dislike or rude behavior from the community of the Burman-led to the tension within the Muslim communities. Therefore, a situation arises that is completely not unprecedented. However, the situation was developing on the backdrop the community diversity context. This influences the conflict to take the form of mass violation. However, politics also made this case even more critical. Since, the country is seeing greater democracy and liberalization that primarily focuses on the addressing the issue of ethnic minority concerns (Zyck, Fan Price, 2014). Therefore, the major part of the Myanmar political power is reconfigured to create peace among the diversity of the religion, which actually ceasefire in this angry Rakhine context. Conclusion The situation that Rakhine state represents remains volatile. As the country has able to develop a significant amount of recent development, which includes the introduction of the new chief minister, it influences the state to implement the action plan much more efficiently. The conflict also highlighted the need of potential security environment for developing a better social culture. Therefore, the conflict induces many possible changes in the society to maintain an ethical environment between the Muslim and Buddhist community. However, these changes can also be highly problematic. As the changes can potentially increase the tension between the Buddhist and Muslim community, which can create huge amount of negative impact on the political process. Hence, there is no easy solution to the complex challenges to the Rakhine state, and the government will have to go through the long and hard process to overcome this conflict issue in the Rakhine state. References Dehua, Y. (2014). Conflict in Rakhine State and its Impact on Political-Economic Security in Myanmar.South Asian Studies,4, 004. Engvall, A., Linn, S. N. (2013, June). Development, natural resources and conflict in Myanmar. InEast Asia Forum. Farrelly, N. (2014). Cooperation, contestation, conflict: ethnic political interests in Myanmar today.South East Asia Research,22(2), 251-266. Gee, J. (2013). Myanmar Muslims Face New Wave of Violence.The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs,32(6), 36. Hein, M. Y. P. (2012). Political authority in Burma's ethnic minority states.Asian Ethnicity,13(4), 476-479. Holliday, I. (2013). Myanmar in 2012.Asian Survey,53(1), 93-100. Holliday, I., Aung, M. H., Joelene, C. (2015). Institution Building in Myanmar.Asian Survey,55(4), 641-664. Kingsbury, D., Laoutides, C. (2015).Territorial Separatism in Global Politics. Taylor Francis. Kipgen, N. (2013). Addressing the Rohingya problem.Journal of Asian and African Studies, 0021909613505269. Kipgen, N. (2013). Conflict in Rakhine State in Myanmar: Rohingya Muslims' Conundrum.Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs,33(2), 298-310. Kramer, T. (2015). Ethnic Conflict and Lands Rights in Myanmar.Social Research: An International Quarterly,82(2), 355-374. Kwan, D. S., Yu, F. L. T. (2014). 8 Religion, culture and global conflicts.International Economic Development: Leading Issues and Challenges, 143. Ma, A., Kusakabe, K. (2015). Gender analysis of fear and mobility in the context of ethnic conflict in Kayah State, Myanmar.Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography,36(3), 342-356. McCarthy, S. (2016). Myanmar in 2015.Asian Survey,56(1), 138-147. Roos, J. (2013). Conflict Assessment in Rakhine State.Danish Refugee Council report. February/March. Rubenstein, L. S. (2015). Global health and security in the age of counterterrorism.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine,108(2), 49-52. Simpson, A. (2014, September). Identity, Ethnicity and Natural Resources in Myanmar. InThe Australian Political Studies Association Annual Conference. Taylor, R. H. (2016). Richard Cockett. Blood, Dreams and Gold: The Changing Face of Burma.Asian Affairs,47(1), 171-173. Thawnghmung, A. M. (2016). The politics of indigeneity in Myanmar: competing narratives in Rakhine state.Asian Ethnicity, 1-21. Walton, M. J. (2016). Myanmar (Burma).The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism. Ware, A. (2015). 10 Secessionist aspects to the BuddhistMuslim conflict in Rakhine State, Myanmar.Territorial Separatism in Global Politics: Causes, Outcomes and Resolution, 153. Welsh, B. (2013). Divided or Together?: Southeast Asia in 2012.Southeast Asian Affairs,2013(1), 1-16. Zyck, A. S., Fan, L., Price, C. (2014). ASEAN and humanitarian action: progress and potential.ASEAN and Humanitarian Action--Jakarta Expert Roundtable, Jakarta, 1-6.

Discuss the usefulness of Dunning’s eclectic paradigm in helping us understand how firms internationalise free essay sample

Introduction: Dunning Eclectic paradigm was appeared in by J. H Dunning. After this journal published, dunning eclectic paradigm becomes the most influential theory in research of foreign direct investment (FDI) and multinational (MNE). It is used comprehensively to analysis the motivation and advantages of MNE in term of FDI. In the following essay, I am going to talk about the importance of MNE and the development of eclectic paradigm in order to have a brief background for the reader. After that, I will begin to discuss the usefulness of Dunning’s eclectic paradigm in helping us understanding how firms internationalise. The importance of MNE MNE is acting a more and more important role in advancing globalization. According to world investment report, there are more than 60 thousands MNE in 1999. These MNE own around 500 thousands of branches which covered more than 160 countries. They have an extremely powerful influence for the global economic due to their super-large scale and capital. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the usefulness of Dunning’s eclectic paradigm in helping us understand how firms internationalise or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lots of local company are trying to become one of the MNE but eventually more of them failed. The companies which fail to access the global market have not enough preparation and understanding of the global environment. To deal with such problem, Dunning’s eclectic paradigm provides a clear and comprehensive analysis of MNE. These analysis helps the company understand what they needed if they want to become MNE. Development of eclectic paradigm In 1960, Stephan Hymer proposed Monopolistic Advantage Theory in his dissertation. He thinks market failure is the main reason of MNE carrying FDI. A foreign company own monopolistic advantage that other local company haven’t so the foreign company can run their business overseas and earn much more profit. C. P. Kindleberger, H.G Johnson, R. E. Caves and F. T. Knickerbocker keep completing and modifying this theory. However, it still can’t explain why some companies in developing country invest to developed country even they don’t have monopolistic advantage. In 1996, America economist R. Vernon in challenge Monopolistic Advantage Theory that can’t explain why the company must go through FDI but not licencing or exporting. H e suggested that monopolistic advantage, product life cycle and location should be combined in order to look at a MNE. In 1976, P. J. Buckley and M. Casson provide a new theory â€Å"Internalization† It stressed companies’ monopolistic advantages are not caused by market failure, but market failure assist the company to keep monopolistic advantages in their company. In 1981, J. H Dunning summarized all the theory above and created a new theory called dunning’s eclectic paradigm. The usefulness of Dunning’s eclectic paradigm Dunning’s eclectic paradigm concluded the previous academic’s theory and provide a detailed, comprehensive and clear analysis for people to understand how firm internationalise. It clearly pointed out that a MNE must own ownership specific advantages, internalization advantage and location advantage. I will explain both of them in detail in the following essay. Also, the case of Lenovo will be used as an example to show how to understand firm’s internationalisation through Dunning’s eclectic paradigm. Ownership Advantage: This idea first brought up by Hymer in 1960. It becomes one of the basic contexts in Dunning’s eclectic paradigm. Ownership advantage can be called as monopolistic advantage or competitive advantage. It means that a firm own some advantages over other company in the markets in which it is located or in which it is considering locating. It helps a foreign company gain a better power which the local company don’t have. These ownership advantages can be classified as two aspects. One is the advantages caused by a company occupying the intangible assets, such as patents, proprietary technology, trademark rights, copyright, land user and franchises. Another is caused by the economics of scale the company owned, which included technology and general innovative capacities, information, and managerial and entrepreneurial skills. The ownership advantage can help people understand why a firm is going to have foreign direct investment. The reason why MNE willing to have FDI is because they got the ownership advantage but their local competitor doesn’t have which makes sure MNE can access the market and earn the profit they want. However, if a company only got the ownership advantage but not own location and internalization advantages as well, then they can only through licencing but not FDI. Here is the example of Lenovo. Lenovo is a Chinese brand, which internationalised since 2000. First of all, let’s take a look of the ownership advantage Lenovo owned.. As a high-tech product producer, Lenovo owned more than 1000 inventions with patent and it is keep investing in their RD department. Besides that, Lenovo has modern production base in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong, which produce more than 5 million high-tech product each year. Also, the vice chairman and president of Lenovo Liu innovated the structure of company and combined with western managerial theory. The excellent product, well service and honest culture built up Lenovo’s wonderful brand image and it assisted Lenovo get the advantage in financing and crediting. Therefore, we can analysis through dunning’s eclectic paradigm to conclude that Lenovo got the advantage in technology and general innovative capabilities advantage, managerial and entrepreneurial skills advantage and scale advantage. Lenovo owned the ownership advantages while other company lack of so they can access the foreign market and began to build up overseas RD centre and recruit the talent overseas. As we saw, dunning’s eclectic paradigm help us to point out what kind of advantages Lenovo have and what are they rely on in order to access foreign market. Internalization Advantage: Internalization advantage is another factors explained in dunning’s eclectic paradigm. It explains how the company use their ownership advantages. Most likely company will utilize their ownership advantages in two ways. One is selling their ownership advantages to other company which we can call it externalization. For example, Eastman Kodak Co sold their patent of digital imaging technology and earned $525 million in 2013. After they sold this patent, they are not longer to use it anymore, that what we called externalization. However, what is internalization? Internalization means that the company use the ownership advantages themselves but not selling to others. Then, how will the company make decision between externalization and internalization? It depends on the profit they can earn and some other factors. In most of case, firm will prefer internalization when market failure or imperfection existing. Here are some reasons why company will internalize: (1). to prevent the outflow of technology advantages (2). to form the economics of scale (3). to escape foreign exchange control, traffic and tax . These reasons support why company will choose internalization but not externalization because they can gain a greater profit through internalization. Let’s look at the case of Lenovo and see how they internalize. Lenovo wanted to access a country with high tariff and barrier. In order to overcome such market failure, Lenovo has to set up a company and branch in that country. It can actually escape the traffic and barrier when Lenovo sell their product. If Lenovo just export their product, the exporting cost will much more higher than they internalize. Also, licence is a very dangerous way for the high-tech company like Lenovo. It is extremely easy to divulge their technology advantage and damage the profit of company. As we saw, dunning’s electric paradigm help us understand how a company use their ownership advantage and keep them in their own company. Location Advantage: Dunning’s eclectic paradigm help us understand where will a company going to invest. In order to internationalise, company have to choice which country they are going to invest. The country they are going to invest must own some advantages which their original country hasn’t. When a company have ownership and internalization advantage, then they need to make a choice between domestic investment and FDI. It depends on which one can bring more profit to the company. Location advantages are specific to a particular country but are available to all firms, which can include natural resources, labour, society, domestic economics, geography, technology, culture, education, politics and transport. If these factors can benefit for a company and help them earn as much as they want, they will choice that country to invest. Location advantages can be classified as two types. The first one is direct location advantages which the advantage owned by the targeting country, such as wider market, labour intensive and preferential investment policy. The second one is indirect location advantages which are caused by some unfavourable factors in the investing country and targeting country, such as high transportation cost or insurmountable trade barriers. For example, whenever Lenovo want to invest in a new country, they will analysis the environment of that country and look whether they can benefit through the environment or not. This is a very important issue for the company to consider the environment of country. If they can utilize the benefit from the environment, most like they will success in that country. However, if a company ignore the importance of environment, it is a disaster and they will fail no matter how powerful they are. To conclude, location advantages determine whether the company is going to invest overseas or not and where they are going to invest. Four conditions: Dunning’s eclectic paradigm help us understand an MNE’s degree of foreign value-added activities depends on the satisfaction of the following four condition. 1. The degree to which a firm possess ownership advantages over other firms in a particular market. If a firm can own advantages greater than others, they will have more value-added activities. 2. The degree to which an MNE believes it is in its best interests to exploit its ownership advantages rather than sell them to another firm, perhaps in the form of technology licensing or franchising (the internalization factor). It means that if the firm believe that they can earn more profit through FDI than licensing, they will increase their value-added activities. 3. The degree to which there are location-specific advantages of a particular country which raise the value of ownership advantages relative to elsewhere. A place can provide a greater benefit for the company’s ownership advantages, and then the company will invest more in that particular country. 4. The degree to which foreign production is consistent with the long-term strategy of the firm. If the firm is tracing for a long-term strategy, they will more care and stress about the foreign value-added activities. Diagram of dunning’s eclectic paradigm Ownership advantages Internalization advantages Location advantages FDI Yes Yes Yes Export Yes Yes No Licence Yes No Yes In dunning’s eclectic paradigm, it stressed that a company must have both of three advantages in order to have FDI. A company rely on ownership advantages against the local company. Also, they choose a right environment which can benefit their business. Then they internalize their business into that country and expand their business. Therefore, only the company with ownership, internalization and location advantage can be called as MNE. When a company possess ownership and internalization advantages but lack of location advantage, they can only sell their product through exporting. It means that they can only utilize their advantage domestically because they can’t find a suitable investment country. Also, if a company have ownership and location advantage but no internalization advantage, they will licence other company. Lacking of internalization advantage means that the company’s ownership advantage can’t be utilized within their own company and they have to sell or translate those advantages to others in order to earn profit. Meanwhile, a company with internalization and location advantages means that they lack of the most basic criterion to have FDI because ownership advantage is the precondition of FDI. Limitation: Although dunning’s eclectic paradigm help us a lot in understanding how firm internationalize, some limitations still exist in this theory. Some academics criticize that eclectic paradigm is not dynamic enough to explain the changes in strategy by MNEs. Also, it has not a deep study in the connection between internal management and FDI. Besides that, dunning’s eclectic paradigm mainly concern the MNEs in developed country but not the company in developing country. These companies also have FDI but eclectic paradigm can’t have a detailed, scientific and comprehensive explanation for these firms. Conclusion: Dunning’s eclectic paradigm summarize previous theory about firm’s internationalization and created a new way to analysis MNEs. It captured the essence of former and overcame the insufficient part of their theory, which dunning modified them into a comprehensive and understandable theory. The core concept of eclectic paradigm is ownership advantage, internalization advantage and location advantage. These three advantages help us to understand the ‘why’, the ‘where’ and the ‘how’ of the internationalization of production respectively. Ownership advantage explained why company is going to have FDI and what they rely on in order to battle with other firm. Internalization advantage explained how the company keep their ownership advantage within own company. Location advantage explained which country can benefit for the business of company. However, dunning’s eclectic paradigm is a static and microscopic theory which limited the usefulness of this concept. Although dunning’s eclectic paradigm had such limitation, it doesn’t affect this theory become the most influential way in analysing company’s activity in FDI.

Social Media Essay Sample - Writing a Powerful Social Media Essay

Social Media Essay Sample - Writing a Powerful Social Media EssayWe've all heard of the importance of writing a powerful social media essay, but how do you go about doing that? It's a hard concept to grasp, and it will require a lot of practice before you really get the hang of it. In this article, I'll give you some tips on how to write a social media essay.The first thing you need to do is to think of a basic idea. For example, if you're an employer, what is your brand going to be? Is it corporate, or would you like to offer something unique? Do you want to be popular with your target audience? Are there any social marketing strategies you can use to help?After you have an idea of what you're going to write about, you can now start thinking about how you are going to reach your internet audience. You can choose to use every social media tool you can find, or you can also use niche-specific ones. Again, take your time to think about which one would be best for your situation.Next, y ou should have a focus. As mentioned earlier, you can use everything from your company's brand, to a specific niche. This will help you maintain your readership as well as make your writing more interesting to read.Next, you need to use your chosen focus to post content that is interesting to your readers. This means you need to provide relevant information to your audience. This should not be excessive, but it should provide them with the needed information to make their lives easier. The last thing you want to do is to bore them too much.Finally, you need to connect with your audience. Do not just do this by sending them tweets. Instead, let them know you are interested in what they have to say. Tell them about what you are working on or even answer their questions.A great way to connect with your audience is to do an AMA (Ask Me Anything). This will allow you to give your readers important information and will allow them to feel part of your online community. You can also send th em updates about your company, and a link to your website.A great way to connect with your audience is to do an AMA (Ask Me Anything). This will allow you to give your readers important information and will allow them to feel part of your online community.

Golding Lord Of The Flies Essays - Freudian Psychology,

Golding: Lord of the Flies Subject: English - Golding: Lord of the Flies Pieces of the Puzzle: the Island as a Macrocosm of Man In viewing the various aspects of the island society in Golding's Lord of the Flies as a symbolic microcosm of society, a converse perspective must also be considered. Golding's island of marooned youngsters then becomes a macrocosm, wherein the island represents the individual human and the various characters and symbols the elements of the human psyche. As such, Golding's world of children's morals and actions then becomes a survey of the human condition, both individually and collectively. Almost textbook in their portrayal, the primary characters of Jack, Ralph and Piggy are then best interpreted as Freud's very concepts of id, ego and superego, respectively. As the id of the island, Jack's actions are the most blatantly driven by animalistically rapacious gratification needs. In discovering the thrill of the hunt, his pleasure drive is emphasized, purported by Freud to be the bas ic human need to be gratified. In much the same way, Golding's portrayal of a hunt as a rape, with the boys ravenously jumping atop the pig and brutalizing it, alludes to Freud's basis of the pleasure drive in the libido, the term serving a double Lntendre in its psychodynamic and physically sensual sense. Jack's unwillingness to acknowledge the conch as the source of centrality on the island and Ralph as the seat of power is consistent with the portrayal of his particular self-importance. Freud also linked the id to what he called the destructive drive, the aggressiveness of self-ruin. Jack's antithetical lack of compassion for nature, for others, and ultimately for himself is thoroughly evidenced in his needless hunting, his role in the brutal murders of Simon and Piggy, and finally in his burning of the entire island, even at the cost of his own life. In much the same way, Piggy's demeanor and very character links him to the superego, the conscience factor in Freud's model of the psyche. Golding marks Piggy with the distinction of being more intellectually mature than the others, branding him with a connection to a higher authority: the outside world. It is because the superego is dependent on outside support that Piggy fares the worst out of the three major characters in the isolation of the island. Piggy is described as being more socially compatible with adults, and carries himself with a sense of rationale and purpose that often serves as Ralph's moral compass in crisis; although Ralph initially uses the conch to call the others, it is Piggy who possesses the knowledge to blow it as a signal despite his inability to do so. Similarly, Piggy's glasses are the only artifact of outside technology on the island, further indication of his correlation to greater moral forces. In an almost gothic vein, these same glasses are the only source of fire on the island, not only necessary for the boys' rescue, but responsible for their ultimate destruction. Thus does fire, and likewise Piggy's glasses, become a source of power. Piggy's ideals are those most in conflict with Jack's overwhelming hunger for power and satiation. It is in between these representations of chaos and order that Ralph falls. Golding's depiction of Ralph as leader is analogous to Freud's placement of the ego at the center of the psyche. Ralph performs as the island's ego as he must offset the raw desires of the id with the environment using the superego as a balancing tool. This definition is consistent with Ralph's actions, patronizing Jack's wish to hunt with their collective need to be rescued, often turning to Piggy for advice. Initially, in the relative harmony of the island society's early emergence, Ralph is able to balance the opposing id and superego influences in order to forge a purpose: rescue. It is only as the balance devolves that the fate of the island's inhabitants is darkly determined. Among Ralph, Piggy and Jack exists a constant struggle to assert thei r particular visions over the island. As the authority of leadership by default falls to Ralph, the conch then becomes symbolic of the consciousness. Its possession rotates between Ralph and Piggy in order to determine logical

Def Leppard HYSTERIA essays

Def Leppard HYSTERIA essays Def Leppards album, HYSTERIA (1987), is a great classic that will be forever remembered. Lead singer Joe Elliot sings songs all based around women, whether the songs be about mans need for a woman or the hardships that come with loving women. The main theme he deals with in this album is mens relationships to women (Adams 68). The relationships he speaks about in his songs are not necessarily love relationships. Elliot advocates his desires for the lusts of a woman in his songs. Def Leppard would rather keep it simple, with quick, punchy guitar riffs and a straight-from-the-crotch philosophy. These songs are devoted to one adolescent fantasy after anotherAnimal, Woman, and Armageddon It are just what you think they arewith music that pounds their hormone-heavy attitudes home. Its rarely more than 6 inches deep, but even mindless fun is still fun (Adams 68). Def Leppards album starts off with the song titled Women. Elliot discusses how In the beginning God made the land and Then He made the water and creatures, then He made manborn with a passion. He goes on to describe that there was something that was missing, something lost. He says that women are what mencant live without. Elliot makes many biblical references in this song. In the second verse, he describes that in the garden, lust began, referring to the Garden of Eden (Fricke 14). This song is a great example of the theme of mens relationships with women concerning mans search for women. Elliot is describing and making reference to the Bible to show that mans instinct and desire for women came from the beginning of time. He uses this powerful reference as a tool to justify his point that men need women. In the song Animal Elliot speaks mos ...

Ethics and Integrity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics and Integrity - Essay Example I have also learned the two forms of organizing a marketing department, the functional organization and the geographical organization. The functional organization is the most commonly used form wherein a functional specialist directly reports to the marketing vice-president. It is relatively easier to set up this form of marketing department as compared to the later said form. However, this form may lead to difficulties in developing effective marketing plans especially when there are several products and markets to be considered, oftentimes leading to internal competition among specialists (Kotler and Keller, 2009). On the other hand, the geographical organization is often used by companies that operates on larger market such as those that has product lines available nationwide as well as in the global market. The main idea is to create sub-divisions and hierarchal levels such as regional, zone, districts, and individual sales reps. This form allow a better marketing plan since ever y area has its distinct product requirements and needs that are highly dependent on the race, culture, and social class of individuals in the each community (Kotler and Keller, 2009). ... The most important concept that I learned is about socially responsible marketing. According to Kotler and Keller (2009), the ever changing demands of customers, the government, and the media has to be addressed by a proactive approach in marketing. The employees should develop a strong sense of ethics, values, and social responsibility in order to have an effective marketing atmosphere within the company. By adopting and implementing high standards of business and marketing conducts the company is able to position itself to be perceived by the community as a responsible and well managed organization, thus resulting to an increase in young professional that would want to work in the company due to the perception that the company will be a good venue for them to nurture their skills and fulfill their social responsibilities. Above all, the corporate social responsibility should be a top priority of the company. This includes proper legal, ethical and social responsibility behavior. Le gal behavior dictates that the organization should ensure that their employees are well aware of the laws and will abide by these rules while carrying out their duties (Kotler and Keller, 2009). As a sales representative myself, I will make it a point to strictly follow the rules that I am bound with. Since our company offers medical products specifically cardiovascular devices, I will not lie to my costumers and mislead them through false claims about our products for the sole purpose of closing a deal. Instead, I will present them the actual claims of our company and provide them with the most up-to-date product information available in our network. Ethical behavior is a paramount consideration in

Statement of Purpose Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Statement of Purpose - Assignment Example d of working in the several schools that I have served, especially the opportunity of teaching young ones and seeing them develop and become wiser first hand. I have also enjoyed listening and discussing ideas with my fellow teaching colleagues and getting advice from school heads. I have come to comprehend that even though I enjoy teaching, I am not going to be satisfied working under the direction of others. I feel that I can be among the team that directs learning within an institution. My senior colleagues have identified my abilities and encouraged my ambition and feel that I can do much more in an administrative capacity. My affection for teaching began when I was young. I must have been in fourth grade when teacher Martha, a young and enthusiastic teacher who was so good that she made learning appear fun, became our class teacher. When I joined high school, I soon realized that there is so much that goes on in learning institutions, having an enormous impact on our learning experience. I remember one instance when learning within our school had deteriorated due to poor management, leading to student and parent complaints. We had a new principal, and he was able to turn everything back to normal. Quite naturally, my original thoughts regarding my future career leaned towards teaching, but after that incident I realized I could do more as an administrator. My bachelor’s degree in art and education majoring in Islamic studies has given me the skills to work as a teacher. Working in several learning institutions has given me the relevant experience, and I also learned to work with others. A master’s program majoring in education and specializing in education administration will enable me to do much more back home, where I intend to work. It will also significantly increase my chances of employment. A role in education administration will enable me to make a greater impact and improve teaching on a larger scale back home. A master’s of education with a